Examples of conditions associated with Type 4 Hypersensitivity are :
1. Tuberculin test
2. Lepromin test
3. Contact dermatitis
4. Tuberculosis ( TB )
5. Sarcoidosis
6. Temporal arteritis
7. Patch test
8. Granulomatous inflammation
9. Type 1 Lepra reaction
10. Jones mote reaction ( Cutaneous Basophilic Hypersensitivity )
Wednesday, May 27, 2009
170 - Type 3 Hypersensitivity reaction examples
Examples of conditions associated with Type 3 Hypersensitivity reaction are :
1. Arthus reaction ( locally )
2. Serum sickness ( systemically )
3. Schick test
4. Polyarteritis Nodosa ( PAN )
5. Rheumatoid arthritis ( RA )
6. Systemic lupus erythematosus ( SLE )
7. Acute viral hepatitis
8. Pencillamine toxicity
9. Hyperacute graft rejection
10. Type 2 lepra reaction ( ENL )
11. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
1. Arthus reaction ( locally )
2. Serum sickness ( systemically )
3. Schick test
4. Polyarteritis Nodosa ( PAN )
5. Rheumatoid arthritis ( RA )
6. Systemic lupus erythematosus ( SLE )
7. Acute viral hepatitis
8. Pencillamine toxicity
9. Hyperacute graft rejection
10. Type 2 lepra reaction ( ENL )
11. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
169 - Type 2 Hypersensitivity reaction examples
Examples of Conditions associated with Type 2 Hypersensitivity are :
1. Blood transfusion reactions
2. Erythroblastosis fetalis
3. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia or agranulocytosis or thrombocytopenia
4. Good pasture syndrome
5. Graves disease
6. Myasthenia Gravis
7. Pemphigus vulgaris
8. Bullous pemphigoid
9. Pernicious anemia
10. Acute rheumatic fever
11. Diabetes Mellitus
1. Blood transfusion reactions
2. Erythroblastosis fetalis
3. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia or agranulocytosis or thrombocytopenia
4. Good pasture syndrome
5. Graves disease
6. Myasthenia Gravis
7. Pemphigus vulgaris
8. Bullous pemphigoid
9. Pernicious anemia
10. Acute rheumatic fever
11. Diabetes Mellitus
168 - Type 1 Hypersensitivity reaction examples
Examples of conditions that show Type 1 Hypersensitivity are :
1. Eczema
2. Hay Fever
3. Asthma ( atopy )
4. Urticaria
5. Anaphylactic shock
6. Acute dermatitis
7. Theobald Smith phenomenon
8. Prusnitz kustner reaction
9. Casoni's test
10. Schultz Dale phenomenon
1. Eczema
2. Hay Fever
3. Asthma ( atopy )
4. Urticaria
5. Anaphylactic shock
6. Acute dermatitis
7. Theobald Smith phenomenon
8. Prusnitz kustner reaction
9. Casoni's test
10. Schultz Dale phenomenon
Monday, May 25, 2009
167 - Marfan's syndrome mcqs with answers part 4
16q: all of the following are the major ghent criteria except ?
a. presence of atleast one skeletal abnormalities
b. ectopia lentis
c. dilation of the ascending aorta with or without dissection
d. dural ectasia
e. a blood relative who meets the same criteria with or without DNA diagnosis
17q: all of the following are true about the management of marfan’s syndrome patient except ?
a. propranolol or other beta blockers are used to lower BP to delay or prevent aortic dilatation
b. surgical correction of aorta, aortic valve and mitral valve have been successful in many patients
c. patients should be advised of the risks of severe physical and emotional stress and of pregnancy
d. scoliosis tends to be progressive and should be treated by mechanical bracing and physical therapy if greater than 20degrees or by surgery if it is greater than 45 degrees .
e. dislocated lenses definitely require surgical removal
18q: fibrillin-1 gene ( FBN1 gene ) is located on which chromosome ?
a. 15
b. 16
c. 17
d. 18
19q: there is a rare but most severe form of MFS that is lethal in neonates . most of the mutations in this form occurs in which exons ?
a. 24-32 nine central exons
b. 16-24 nine central exons
c. 8-16 nine central exons
d. 32-40 nine central exons
20q: other features of MFS which may sometimes associated with the disease are ?
a. striae over the shoulders and buttocks
b. spontaneous pneumothorax
c. inguinal and incisional hernias are common
d. patients are typically thin with little subcutaneous fat but adults may develop centripetal obesity
e. all the above
a. presence of atleast one skeletal abnormalities
b. ectopia lentis
c. dilation of the ascending aorta with or without dissection
d. dural ectasia
e. a blood relative who meets the same criteria with or without DNA diagnosis
17q: all of the following are true about the management of marfan’s syndrome patient except ?
a. propranolol or other beta blockers are used to lower BP to delay or prevent aortic dilatation
b. surgical correction of aorta, aortic valve and mitral valve have been successful in many patients
c. patients should be advised of the risks of severe physical and emotional stress and of pregnancy
d. scoliosis tends to be progressive and should be treated by mechanical bracing and physical therapy if greater than 20degrees or by surgery if it is greater than 45 degrees .
e. dislocated lenses definitely require surgical removal
18q: fibrillin-1 gene ( FBN1 gene ) is located on which chromosome ?
a. 15
b. 16
c. 17
d. 18
19q: there is a rare but most severe form of MFS that is lethal in neonates . most of the mutations in this form occurs in which exons ?
a. 24-32 nine central exons
b. 16-24 nine central exons
c. 8-16 nine central exons
d. 32-40 nine central exons
20q: other features of MFS which may sometimes associated with the disease are ?
a. striae over the shoulders and buttocks
b. spontaneous pneumothorax
c. inguinal and incisional hernias are common
d. patients are typically thin with little subcutaneous fat but adults may develop centripetal obesity
e. all the above
166 - Marfan's syndrome mcqs with answers part 3
11q: CT or MRI examinations of the lumbar sacral region in a marfan’s syndrome patient reveals which of the following ?
a. enlargement of the neural canal
b. thinning of the pedicles and laminae
c. widening of the foraminae
d. anterior meningocele ( dural ectasia )
e. all the above
12q: all of the following are true about the skeletal changes of MFS except ?
a. high arched palate can be seen
b. high pedal arches can be seen
c. pes planus is common
d. a few patients have severe joint hypermobility similar to EDS
e. all the statements are true
13q: dilatation of the root of aorta and the sinuses of valsalva are characteristic and ominous features of the disease that can develop at any age. Dilatation of root of aorta is probably accelerated by ?
a. physical stress
b. emotional stress
c. pregnancy
d. all the above
14q: what is the major source of morbidity and mortality in a case of marfan’s syndrome?
a. skeletal changes
b. cardiovascular changes
c. ocular changes
d. hernias
15q: all of the following are true about the ocular features of marfan’s syndrome except ?
a. downward displacement of the lens is common
b. ocular globe is frequently elongated
c. most patients are hypermetropic
d. most of the patients have adequate vision
e. some patients may develop retinal detachment
a. enlargement of the neural canal
b. thinning of the pedicles and laminae
c. widening of the foraminae
d. anterior meningocele ( dural ectasia )
e. all the above
12q: all of the following are true about the skeletal changes of MFS except ?
a. high arched palate can be seen
b. high pedal arches can be seen
c. pes planus is common
d. a few patients have severe joint hypermobility similar to EDS
e. all the statements are true
13q: dilatation of the root of aorta and the sinuses of valsalva are characteristic and ominous features of the disease that can develop at any age. Dilatation of root of aorta is probably accelerated by ?
a. physical stress
b. emotional stress
c. pregnancy
d. all the above
14q: what is the major source of morbidity and mortality in a case of marfan’s syndrome?
a. skeletal changes
b. cardiovascular changes
c. ocular changes
d. hernias
15q: all of the following are true about the ocular features of marfan’s syndrome except ?
a. downward displacement of the lens is common
b. ocular globe is frequently elongated
c. most patients are hypermetropic
d. most of the patients have adequate vision
e. some patients may develop retinal detachment
165 - Marfan's syndrome mcqs with answers part 2
6q: which of the following are the features of the loeys-dietz aneurysm syndrome
( LDAS ) ?
a. aneurysms of ascending aorta
b. tortuous arteries
c. cleft palate
d. hypertelorism
e. all of the above
7q: patients with mutations in fibrillin-1 gene and fibrillin-2 gene are known to have some features of marfan’s syndrome and some features of osteogenesis imperfecta together with joint contractures . they are classified as a single entity called ?
a. congenital contractural arachnodactyly ( CCA )
b. loeys-dietz aneurysm syndrome
c. Kelley seeg miller syndrome
d. Paget’s disease
8q: all of the following are true about marfan’s syndrome ( MFS ) except ?
a. the incidence of MFS is about 1 in 3000/5000 in most racial and ethnic groups
b. type 1 MFS is more common than type 2 MFS, LDAS, or CCA
c. most variants of MFS are inherited as autosomal recessive traits
d. about one fourth of patients have sporadic new mutations
9q: the ratio of upper segment ( top of head to the top of pubic ramus ) to the lower segment ( top of pubic ramus to the floor ) is usually ?
a. 2 standard deviations below mean for age,race and sex
b. 2 standard deviations above mean for age,race and sex
c. 1 standard deviations below mean for age,race and sex
d. 1 standard deviations above mean for age,race and sex
10q: skeletal changes seen in marfan’s syndrome are ?
a. arachnodactyly
b. pectus excavatum
c. pectus carinatum
d. scoliosis
e. kyphosis
f. all the above
( LDAS ) ?
a. aneurysms of ascending aorta
b. tortuous arteries
c. cleft palate
d. hypertelorism
e. all of the above
7q: patients with mutations in fibrillin-1 gene and fibrillin-2 gene are known to have some features of marfan’s syndrome and some features of osteogenesis imperfecta together with joint contractures . they are classified as a single entity called ?
a. congenital contractural arachnodactyly ( CCA )
b. loeys-dietz aneurysm syndrome
c. Kelley seeg miller syndrome
d. Paget’s disease
8q: all of the following are true about marfan’s syndrome ( MFS ) except ?
a. the incidence of MFS is about 1 in 3000/5000 in most racial and ethnic groups
b. type 1 MFS is more common than type 2 MFS, LDAS, or CCA
c. most variants of MFS are inherited as autosomal recessive traits
d. about one fourth of patients have sporadic new mutations
9q: the ratio of upper segment ( top of head to the top of pubic ramus ) to the lower segment ( top of pubic ramus to the floor ) is usually ?
a. 2 standard deviations below mean for age,race and sex
b. 2 standard deviations above mean for age,race and sex
c. 1 standard deviations below mean for age,race and sex
d. 1 standard deviations above mean for age,race and sex
10q: skeletal changes seen in marfan’s syndrome are ?
a. arachnodactyly
b. pectus excavatum
c. pectus carinatum
d. scoliosis
e. kyphosis
f. all the above
164 - Marfan's syndrome mcqs with answers part 1
1q: the triad of features characteristic of marfan’s syndrome are all except ?
a. skeletal changes that include long, thin extremities, frequently associated with loose joints
b. reduced vision as the result of dislocation of the lenses (ectopia lentis)
c. aortic root dilation and aortic aneurysms
d. hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
2q: what is the mutation seen in type 1 marfan’s syndrome ?
a. fibrillin-1 ( FBN1 ) gene
b. transforming growth factor beta receptor 2 ( TGFBR2 ) gene
c. nephrin gene
d. tubulin gene
3q: what is the mutation most commonly associated with type 2 marfan’s syndrome ?
a. fibrillin-1 ( FBN1 )gene
b. transforming growth factor beta receptor 2 ( TGFBR2 ) gene
c. nephrin gene
d. tubulin gene
4q: type 2 marfan’s syndrome patients are similar to type 1 marfan’s syndrome patients in all except ?
a. skeletal changes
b. ocular changes
c. aortic aneursyms
d. heart valve diseases
5q: mutations in both TGFB1 and TGFB2 genes are found in which syndrome ?
a. Kelly seeg miller syndrome
b. Loeys-dietz aneurysm syndrome ( LDAS )
c. Capgras syndrome
d. Lafora’s syndrome
a. skeletal changes that include long, thin extremities, frequently associated with loose joints
b. reduced vision as the result of dislocation of the lenses (ectopia lentis)
c. aortic root dilation and aortic aneurysms
d. hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
2q: what is the mutation seen in type 1 marfan’s syndrome ?
a. fibrillin-1 ( FBN1 ) gene
b. transforming growth factor beta receptor 2 ( TGFBR2 ) gene
c. nephrin gene
d. tubulin gene
3q: what is the mutation most commonly associated with type 2 marfan’s syndrome ?
a. fibrillin-1 ( FBN1 )gene
b. transforming growth factor beta receptor 2 ( TGFBR2 ) gene
c. nephrin gene
d. tubulin gene
4q: type 2 marfan’s syndrome patients are similar to type 1 marfan’s syndrome patients in all except ?
a. skeletal changes
b. ocular changes
c. aortic aneursyms
d. heart valve diseases
5q: mutations in both TGFB1 and TGFB2 genes are found in which syndrome ?
a. Kelly seeg miller syndrome
b. Loeys-dietz aneurysm syndrome ( LDAS )
c. Capgras syndrome
d. Lafora’s syndrome
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