Q- continuous murmurs are seen in all of the following except
a- coarcation of aorta
b- patent ductus arteriosus
c- aortic sinus of valsalva rupture
d- AV malformations
e- peripheral pulmonary stenosis
the answer is e .
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continuous murmurs result from continuous flow between a high pressure and low pressure area that persists through the end of systole and beginning of diastole .
the causes of continuous murmurs are :
1- systemic arteriovenous fistula( congenital or acquired )
2-coronary arteriovenous fistula
3- anomalous origin of left coronary artery from pulmonary artery
4- ruptured sinus of valsalva into right side of heart
5- coarctation of aorta ( continuous murmur in the back )
6- patent ductus arteriosus ( PDA )
7- surgically created shunts ( eg: blalock tausig shunt )
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